Collaborative and eco-efficient manufacturing is an approach to industrial production that prioritizes collaboration and sustainability. This paradigm shift is a response to the challenges posed by the traditional manufacturing industry that relied on a hierarchical, closed system of production. It also tended to be inflexible and focused on short-term gains rather than long-term value creation. The traditional approach was characterized by: 

• A linear, take-make-waste approach that generated significant environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and resource depletion 
• A lack of transparency, with manufacturers operating in isolation from their suppliers and customers.